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Microsoft has won an extended stay at the Competition Appeal Tribunal while it seeks permission to appeal to the UK Supreme Court, having lost at both the Tribunal and the Court of Appeal
Its argument that Office's icons and clip art placed it outside software exhaustion rules was rejected as producing "odd results", including CD software being resellable while identical downloads were not
The jurisdiction ruling matters more than the £270 million claim, as it clears the way for a parallel collective action that could expose Microsoft to billions

Microsoft has bought itself time in its long-running fight with a British software reseller, securing an extended stay of proceedings at the Competition Appeal Tribunal while it prepares to seek permission from the UK Supreme Court to appeal.

While Microsoft has yet to appeal formally, its indication that it intends to do so buys it some breathing room against a judgment that could mean that parallel proceedings, including a £3.5 billion class action lawsuit that could compromise as many as 2.7 million members, could become a centerpiece of the software giant's future legal troubles in the UK.

The UK CAT (Competition Appeal Tribunal) has paused parts of the case as a result, and Chair Justin Turner KC noted that it was not yet known whether permission would be granted, and framed his decision as balancing the potential waste of costs if permission were granted and an appeal succeeded against the undesirability of delay in the proceedings.

A legal quagmire exacerbated by shifting legal defense from Microsoft?

Microsoft has been fighting this claim for years, dating back to 2021, when JJH Enterprises, a Derby-based reseller trading as ValueLicensing, sued Microsoft for £270 million.

The allegation is that Microsoft wrote terms into its agreements that offered customers better subscription pricing in exchange for surrendering the right to resell their perpetual licenses, thereby choking off the secondary market and pushing buyers toward Microsoft 365 even as the software giant denies wrongdoing.

ValueLicensing's case rests on the Court of Justice's 2012 decision in UsedSoft v Oracle, which held that a software vendor's distribution right is exhausted once it sells a perpetual license, including one delivered by download, so it cannot use copyright to block the onward sale of that copy.

Having contested the case as a competition matter for years, Microsoft changed its argument in 2025, recasting it as a copyright dispute. Office, it said, is not merely a computer program. It ships with icons, user interface elements, help files, and clip art, and those creative components should be governed by a different copyright regime in which exhaustion does not bite.

That argument has now failed twice. The Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) unanimously decided the preliminary copyright issues in ValueLicensing's favor in November 2025, and on July 7, 2026, the Court of Appeal dismissed both of Microsoft's appeals, one challenging the CAT's jurisdiction to rule on copyright questions at all, the other contesting the copyright findings themselves.

Microsoft's reading, the court observed, would produce "odd results": software supplied on a CD-ROM could be freely resold while the identical software delivered as a download could not, and a vendor could defeat established exhaustion principles simply by bundling some icons with its code.

At the same time, the CAT did not grant resellers unlimited freedom. Under UsedSoft, a buyer holding a single copy installed on a server and licensed for several users cannot carve off part of that user capacity for resale, because exhaustion attaches to the copy rather than the seat.

The Tribunal distinguished that from a genuine volume arrangement comprising multiple independent copies or licenses, in which reselling a corresponding number may be permissible once the seller has stopped using the copies it has passed on. That distinction sets real limits on how the secondary market can operate.

Microsoft 365 Business app logos — (Image credit: Microsoft)

Microsoft has spent most of the period covered by the claim moving its customer base from perpetual licenses to Microsoft 365. If ValueLicensing wins outright, it wins the right to trade in a category that its opponent has been deliberately retiring for a decade. Should the Supreme Court decline to take the case, proceedings return to the Tribunal, with a trial mooted for 2027.

The jurisdiction ruling matters well beyond this claim. By confirming that the CAT can decide copyright questions where they are necessary to resolve a competition case, the Court of Appeal cleared a path for others, and The Register reported in April 2026 that Microsoft had viewed that appeal as a complete answer to Alexander Wolfson's collective action, on the basis that copyright issues could not be transferred to the High Court in a class action.

Wolfson was granted permission to intervene in support of ValueLicensing, and his claim, which could expose Microsoft to liability in the billions, now stands to benefit from the ruling.

What could this mean?

Britain's regulators have taken an interest in the same broad shift, too. On July 29 2026, the Competition and Markets Authority opened a consumer protection investigation into how Microsoft marketed its Microsoft 365 Personal and Family plans.

From January 2025, existing subscribers were given Copilot and other new features at no extra cost for the remainder of their term, then automatically moved onto a higher-priced plan at renewal unless they chose an alternative or canceled.

A time-limited "Classic" plan preserved the old feature set at the old price, and for annual subscribers the Copilot version cost £25 more per year.

"When a business changes its subscription plans, customers need clear and timely information about their options," said Hayley Fletcher, senior director for consumer protection at the CMA. "Our investigation will consider whether Microsoft customers were misled and ended up paying more as a result."

Microsoft said consumer trust is a priority and that it is reviewing the claims while cooperating with the inquiry. The CMA has reached no conclusions and has not accused the company of breaking the law.

That probe concerns consumer subscriptions rather than the commercial agreements at issue in the ValueLicensing case, so the two are separate matters under different regimes. What links them is the same underlying transition from one-off purchases to recurring ones.

Microsoft already faces a CMA strategic market status investigation into its business software, and Australia's competition regulator is suing the company in the Federal Court over the same Copilot and Classic plan issue, affecting an estimated 2.7 million customers. Whichever way the Supreme Court application goes, the legal scrutiny of how Microsoft moved the world onto subscriptions is not ending soon.

The scrutiny also lands in a fraught transatlantic moment. On July 24, days after the European Commission fined Google $1 billion under the Digital Markets Act, Trump announced a Section 301 investigation into EU trade practices, declaring that the United States is not a "PIGGYBANK" for Europe and promising a substantial tariff.

Brussels has consistently maintained that regulating economic activity within the bloc is its sovereign right, and that its digital rules apply to all firms operating there. Britain sits awkwardly beside that fight. Its courts are no longer bound by EU case law, and its regulators answer to nobody in Brussels, but the president's stated targets have been digital taxes and digital markets rules in general rather than the EU alone, and the UK has both.

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For years, residential solar power in the UK has focused primarily on larger installations, comprising photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof and an inverter for converting DC (direct current) power into AC (alternating current) for use in the home. Indeed, according to government data, the UK now has approximately 1.7 million residential rooftop installations with 2025 the strongest year on record with around 269,000 installations completed.

It’s remarkable progress. Yet for many in the UK, this type of installation remains out of reach for several reasons, including cost, or lack of roof access if they live in a block of flats. If they’re renting, their landlord/landlady might not allow them to install solar panels permanently on the roof.

That’s all set to change with new government legislation. Under Statutory Instrument 2026/848, which formally comes into force on August 27, 2026, legal and regulatory hurdles that previously blocked self-installed, ‘plug-in’ solar systems are set to be cleared.

By officially creating a legal category for what are officially called 'plug-in microgenerators', this landmark legislation allows standard UK BS 1363 three-pin plugs to be approved for feeding electricity into a home socket. As a result, for the first time, millions of people living in flats with balconies will have a viable, low-cost option to generate their own clean electricity.

Man and boy standing on balcony with solar panel installed — Plug-in solar panels are already mainstream in much of continental Europe (Image credit: Getty Images / Westend61)

Looking to Europe: the rise of Balkonkraftwerk

Of course, while plug-in solar is new to the UK, it is already well-established across the rest of Europe. In Germany, for example, where these installations are known as Balkonkraftwerk (or balcony power plants), there are officially 1.2 million registered balcony installations — though the actual figure is probably nearer 1.5 million when you take into account unofficial installations.

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Balcony installations are proving particularly popular with renters – those who were historically excluded from rooftop solar power until reform to German tenancy law in 2024 gave them the explicit right to install balcony panels without needing landlord approval. As a result, reports German news site Denkstrom, waiting lists emerged in big cities such as Munich and Berlin for equipment in the months following the reform.

Nor is Germany the only European country to have embraced balcony installations. In Spain, where two thirds of people live in apartments, balcony solar power is also taking off, saving up to 30% on a household’s typical electricity bill. “The beauty of the solar balconies is they are flexible, cheap and plug straight into the domestic network via a converter, so you don’t have to pay for the installation,” Santiago Vernetta, CEO of Tornasol Energy, one of Spain’s main suppliers, told The Guardian.

Gaining UK industry support

Whether balcony solar power technology proves as popular in the UK as other European countries remains to be seen. However, with millions of flats across the UK, including an estimated 380,000 homes in England with a balcony, plug-in solar power certainly has the potential to expand renewable generation beyond rooftop installations.

Driving the rollout of plug-in solar within the UK government is Martin McCluskey, Minister for Energy Consumers within the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). In June he met up with high street retailers and supermarkets including B&Q, Currys, Amazon, Lidl, Asda, Screwfix and Wickes to prepare market-compliant kits for the official August launch. "We’re delighted to be working with DESNZ to bring plug-in solar panels to the UK market. With energy bills continuing to rise, enabling the safe roll-out of these products will mark an important step for consumers across the UK,” said Michelle Gorringe-Smith, Director of New Categories at Currys in a recent press statement.

Every solar panel, heat pump and battery cuts bills
Greg Jackson, Octopus Energy

“This is a fantastic opportunity to make renewable energy more accessible to people around the UK," Added John Boumphrey, Amazon’s UK and Ireland Country Manager. "Amazon is the largest corporate buyer of carbon-free energy in the UK.. Enabling households to generate their own power with self-install plug-in solar panels is a practical step that supports household budgets and delivering against net zero goals.”

Major energy providers have also welcomed the regulatory change. Chris Norbury, Chief Executive of E.ON UK, describes the removal of regulatory red tape as an “encouraging step toward giving consumers more control over their energy use”.

Similarly, Greg Jackson, Founder and CEO of Octopus Energy said in a UK government statement: “Every solar panel, heat pump and battery cuts bills and boosts Britain’s energy independence.” Furthermore, these industry perspectives align with the wider objectives set out in the UK Government's Solar Roadmap, which details plans to expand solar capacity across domestic, commercial and ground-mount sectors to meet national clean power targets.

Payback time

Under the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero's (DESNZ) interim product specification, compliant solar power consumer kits must meet very strict criteria. This includes a microinverter (which converts direct current electricity into alternating current electricity) which can’t feed more than 800 VA (Volt-Amperes), roughly 800W, into the home at any one time.

Three to five years is a realistic payback period for many sensibly priced, well-positioned systems
Ben Bowyer, PluginSolarCalculator.com

Systems must connect via a standard BS 1363 three-pin UK socket using a manufacturer-supplied, non-rewireable moulded plug with a fuse rated at no more than 5A. Typically, most kits will comprise two 400W panels, each measuring around 1.7m x 1m in size and weighing around 20Kg. However, the regulations allow up to four panels with a combined rating of 2,000W. The inverter still limits the output to around 800W, but the extra panels can help the system generate more power during weaker sunlight.

While working out exactly how long it will take to get a return on a solar panel investment is far from an exact science, most of the commentators I spoke to for this article thought it would take under five years for a system costing between £300 and £600.

“Our modelling suggests that three to five years is a realistic payback period for many sensibly priced, well-positioned systems,” Ben Bowyer, creator of PluginSolarCalculator.com told TechRadar. “The government’s own estimate is around £70 to £110 a year in savings, but I think that’s actually quite cautious. Our figures suggest many suitable 800W installations could save closer to £95 to £155 a year,” he added.

Andreas Pierrie, founder of bespoke solar installation price comparison site Go Solar Today, was even more optimistic about ROI when asked. “For someone with a south facing balcony, you're looking at a payback of roughly two to three years, which is genuinely good for a solar product,” he asserted.

Solar panels installed on a balcony in Dusseldorf, Germany — The experts we asked suggested that your plug-in solar panel could pay for itself in two to three years (Image credit: Getty Images / imageBROKER / Robert Poorten)

Lack of battery storage

However, it’s not all good news. While the new legislation will help consumers save some money by turning their systems into ‘plug-in microgenerators’, one key limitation is that batteries are excluded from the initial plug-in framework. Instead, the product specification covers generation-only systems and does not permit integrated battery storage.

The government likely adopted this cautious approach to prioritize safety, as lithium batteries store chemical energy and require strict compliance to prevent hazards such as thermal runaway. Including battery storage would also inevitably have slowed down the roll out of the initial phase of the technology. Go Solar Today’s Andreas Pierrie explains the reasoning behind the phased rollout by noting that the UK is simply following the German approach.

“The UK is copying the German playbook by starting narrow, getting the simple version working and trusted, then widening the rules over time,” he said. “Walking before you run is reasonable when you're opening up self-generation to millions of homes for the first time... The instinct to be careful with batteries is completely understandable.”

How long the lack of battery storage in the solar panel specifications will last is open to debate. Just a few weeks before the final specification was revealed, Octopus Energy announced the Nook Cube — a 2KW battery that plugs into a standard socket - which perhaps indicates a future opening up of the legislation to include battery storage.

Exporting energy for free?

For now at least, one of the main limitations is that any solar energy generated during the day that isn't used immediately by household appliances flows back out into the local grid. Because these small microgenerators do not automatically qualify for the Smart Export Guarantee at launch (unlike solar-powered rooftop installations), this means you are potentially exporting daytime energy to utility companies for free.

“That battery storage can’t form part of a compliant plug-in solar system during this first stage of the rollout is probably my biggest disappointment with the rules announced by the government so far,” admits PluginSolarCalculator’s Ben Bowyer. “A battery would let households store spare solar power generated during the day and use it later in the evening, when electricity use is often higher."

The biggest limitation is the lack of integrated battery storage, meaning any electricity you don't use immediately is typically exported rather than stored for later
Robin Edwards, Curetons

"The biggest limitation is the lack of integrated battery storage, meaning any electricity you don't use immediately is typically exported rather than stored for later," adds Robin Edwards, Property Buying Agent at property-finding company Curetons. "That reduces the financial benefit significantly, particularly for people who are out at work during the day when panels generate the most power.”

However, while disappointed by the lack of battery storage, PlugIn Solar Calculator’s Ben Bowyer admits people often underestimate how much power their home uses even when nobody is actively switching anything on. “Fridges, freezers, routers, and standby devices, create a constant background demand known as the household baseload that a well-positioned plug-in solar system can frequently cover during brighter parts of the day.”

To maximize savings without a battery, consumers can shift flexible energy use, such as running washing machines or dishwashers in daytime hours when the sun is shining.

Simon Turek, Chief Executive of graphene nanomaterials company Haydale, also explained how households can pair plug-in solar with heating solutions. “By moving to efficient forms of electric heating, it’s possible to achieve savings within your overall energy cost, because generation during the day could be used for heating purposes in winter months,” he told TechRadar.

Woman directing worker holding solar panel — If in doubt, it's best to enlist professional help to install plug-in solar panels (Image credit: Getty Images / Westend61)

Cladding exclusion

Unfortunately, lack of battery storage isn’t the only limitation of the new legislation. Before purchasing a plug-in solar kit, consumers must consider several practical and regulatory rules. For example, users cannot mix and match panels, cables and inverters from different suppliers. Systems must be purchased as complete tested, manufacturer-certified packages listed on the Energy Networks Association Type Test Register. This requirement ensures that all connected hardware meets rigorous domestic electrical standards.

Balcony installations still give me the shivers, especially the thought of someone lifting one of these panels over a railing 10 floors above the ground
Ben Bowyer, PluginSolarCalculator.com

Kits must also plug directly into a wall socket using the manufacturer-provided cable. The use of extension leads, multi-way block adapters, travel adapters, or plug-in RCDs (Residual Current Drives) is strictly prohibited to avoid electrical overloads. Furthermore, installation is prohibited on timber balconies, timber cladding, aluminium composite cladding, high-pressure laminate cladding, or buildings undergoing fire safety remediation. Understandably, these restrictions are designed to mitigate fire and safety risks across high-density residential properties.

Renters and leaseholders must also obtain permission from their landlord or freeholder before installing panels on shared or exterior structures. Users are also legally required to notify their local Distribution Network Operator via a G98 notification form when connecting a system. This notification process ensures that regional network operators maintain accurate records of micro-generation capacity across local distribution grids. Compliance with these administrative steps is mandatory for all system owners.

Beyond administrative rules, there are also practical considerations around installing heavy solar panels. Because individual panels weigh around 20kg each, experts strongly recommend treating the setup as a two-person job, advising consumers to get professional help if there's any uncertainty regarding structural anchoring, working safely at height, or load-bearing capacity. Makeshift fasteners like cable ties, string, or tape are strictly banned and approved mounting hardware rated for UK wind and snow loads must be used.

As Ben Bowyer candidly admits: "Balcony installations still give me the shivers, especially the thought of someone lifting one of these panels over a railing 10 floors above the ground."

Power to the people

With the cost-of-living crisis showing no signs of ending any time soon, the push to legalise plug-in solar technology is welcome news to millions of flat dwellers and renters wanting to reclaim some control over their mounting utility bills. Importantly, by enabling households to create their own microgenerators by connecting small-scale panels straight into standard wall sockets, the framework provides an accessible route to lower electricity costs. With solar power in place, users could save up to 30% on their electricity bills with typical kits paying for themselves within three to five years

The energy transition is ultimately about people taking control of their own power
Christopher Burd, SPS PowerBuild

.However, the legislation is far from perfect. Because the initial rollout focuses purely on daytime generation without integrated battery storage, users must adapt their daily routines to make the most of the power while the sun is shining. What’s more, by establishing an 800W AC output limit and capping panel capacity at 2,000W, the framework really only covers continuous household baseload demand from refrigeration and standby appliances, rather than being able to power your entire home with solar.

Still, it’s a decent start and it’s likely the legislation will be expanded to include battery storage over time. As Christopher Burd, Managing Director of solar installation company SPS PowerBuild told TechRadar: "The energy transition is ultimately about people taking control of their own power. Enabling households to generate clean electricity directly from their living spaces represents a fundamental shift in how we think about urban resilience and domestic independence." Literally, power to the people.

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Smart TVs have long been in controversial waters as far as privacy goes. From claims that your TV is a "privacy nightmare" to accusations of some models being a "mass surveillance system", you probably haven't failed to notice the periodic storms that have erupted around what televisions get up to in terms of data and telemetry. The latest lightning strike that hit last week was a development around LG TVs (and PC monitors) whereby voice features (and a McAfee pop-up ad in Windows) came under fire.

LG has defended its position in no uncertain terms, it should be noted (although the mentioned Windows 11 pop-up has since been retracted). But regardless of the rights or wrongs here, this affair was enough of a reminder to prompt me to finally take action on something I've been meaning to do for quite some time anyway.

Namely, to take my smart TV offline, once and for all. This means I can ensure that I know for certain that my television isn't get up to any online 'shenanigans' with whatever data may (or may not) be getting sent here or there — because it isn't online at all. And I don't need it to be online, either.

Maybe this is something you'd like to do, as well, so if you're thinking of following in my footsteps, I'm going to break down everything for you. That includes whether you actually need to have your smart TV online, and how to go about disconnecting it from the internet while still installing updates for the television manually, should you wish, which is possible in many — but not all — cases.

Do you really need to have your smart TV online?

A relaxed man watching TV on a couch — (Image credit: Shutterstock)

I'd argue that you don't need to have your smart TV online, although that said, answering this question isn't exactly straightforward and there are caveats depending on your personal situation.

Obviously, if you use the TV maker's smart hub for any of your viewing needs, and the apps therein for streaming (or anything else), then clearly, you will need the television to remain online. Although these days, most people use a streaming stick to watch all their content and don't ever go near the smart TV hub, such as the Fire TV Stick (most commonly). It's just a much better way of working. (And yes, I do realize that any such hardware may come with its own privacy-related nuances and issues, but I'm not going to get into all that here – except to say that you'll want to consider Apple TV as an option if privacy is high on your list of priorities for streaming devices).

Assuming your viewing is done via a separate stick or box of some kind, then, the only real reason to keep your TV online is to get updates from the manufacturer. In my case, I have a Sony TV that's now four years old, and at this point, updates have reduced to a trickle – and they're mostly trivial tweaks and the like.

There's nothing I really need, and arguably, firmware updates are as much of a risk as they are a potential benefit at this stage of the TV's life. I like the way my Sony runs now, the picture is great, and everything's good – and who's to say an update might not throw a spanner in the works and break something? These things happen, even if it's something as simple as resetting my TV settings, which isn't fatal, but is annoying (and it has happened before).

Okay, so one thing I won't get that's regarded as vital is security updates and fixes. And I understand why these are thought of as critical, but hey, guess what: I'm taking my TV fully offline, so I won't need them. (There's no greater assurance of security than ditching online connectivity, anyway).

Granted, there are other online features I'll lose too – voice command functionality with the TV, for example, but it's all minor stuff in the great scheme of things, and none of it matters to me personally (I use my streaming stick's voice search, anyway).

If you have an older smart TV, you're likely in a similar boat to me, although if you have a newer model, then maybe your television is still receiving firmware updates which are important, with fixes or new features you actually want.

In that case, you may still want to jump online to download and install those upgrades, but you only need to hop on temporarily to do so (maybe once every few months).

However, there is another way to get updates for your smart TV while keeping it offline permanently. Admittedly, it's a bit of a hassle compared to a seamless update within the TV's interface itself, but it does avoid going online at all, while still ensuring your smart TV is kept fully up-to-date. So, let's look at how to do that — but first, it's worth quickly touching on how to take your TV off the internet in case you're in any doubt.

How to take your TV offline

Sony smart TV menu showing the option to turn off Wi-Fi — (Image credit: Future)

If your TV is online and you wish to revoke that internet access, it's a simple matter of turning off the Wi-Fi in the television's settings. (Assuming you're connected via Wi-Fi to your home router, of course — if you have an Ethernet connection, it's just a case of unplugging that cable from the TV).

You'll find the wireless network options somewhere in your TV's settings menu, generally under a category called 'network' or 'internet'. Head here and there'll likely be a slider or some kind of choice to turn off the Wi-Fi, and it should be as easy as flicking that switch. Of course, the method may vary slightly from TV to TV, as ever (consult your instruction manual if you get stuck).

You'll also see your home Wi-Fi network listed under available networks (or similar), and you can generally go into that option and select the choice to 'forget' the network (remove it permanently from the TV's memory). It's probably worth exercising that option as the safest way of fully disconnecting your television (although it does mean that if you want to add the wireless network again in the future, you'll have to re-enter the password).

How to install a firmware update with your smart TV offline by using a USB stick

A SanDisk USB stick on a wooden desk — (Image credit: Future)

The way you install an update with the TV offline is to do so via a USB stick. This means using another device that's online (your PC or laptop) to download the TV firmware update you want, then you copy it onto the USB stick, and plug that into your TV, piping the update through locally from there.

How this works may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, as you might expect, but it's broadly the same. Follow the general instructions below, but bear in mind that you may have to adapt them slightly based on exactly which firm makes your TV.

1. Find out your exact TV model

First things first: you should note down the exact model name of your TV. You'll find this on the invoice (from when you bought it), or on the back of the TV set itself, or it'll often be in the settings in the TV menu (generally under Settings > System > About, or similar – or find it via the Help button on your TV remote, under system information or the like).

When I say full name, you'll need that to search for the correct firmware and ensure you download the right file. You can't just search for 'Sony Bravia 55-inch TV', you'll need the exact model with the full complement of letters and numbers, such as 'Sony K55XR80PU' which I'll use here as an example.

Sony TV firmware web page — (Image credit: Sony)

2. Download the latest firmware from your TV manufacturer's website

On your PC, run a Google search (or your preferred search engine) for the model name and firmware, so in our example here, we'll search for 'Sony K55XR80PU firmware'. You should get a link that takes you directly to the support web page where the manufacturer provides the relevant firmware download.

At that page, you may find the model name is truncated — it's the Sony K-55XR80 in this case, as the 'PU' bit at the end is regional model info relating to the UK. (Note that you can search directly for the firmware on the manufacturer's support site, but due to variations in the model names as observed, the site might fail to find it, so it's generally best to try Google first).

When you reach the support page for the relevant TV model, you should see the latest firmware update listed with its release date and notes about what it does. It may be referred to as 'firmware' or a 'software update', and in some cases, it might come with instructions. (Samsung calls its firmware downloads 'upgrade file USB type', for example — catchy, huh? — and LG includes a PDF guide with some downloads).

Click on the file to download it to your PC (and the instructions, too, if present).

Sony TV firmware web page showing download link — (Image credit: Sony)

3. Put the update files on a USB stick

Once downloaded, you need to put the firmware files onto the USB stick, so insert that USB drive into your PC, and copy them across. Exactly what you do here may vary slightly — and if you have instructions from the manufacturer you can, of course, follow these — but let's continue with our Sony example to give you an idea of what's involved.

With the Sony K-55XR80 firmware update, what's downloaded to the computer is a ZIP (compressed archive) containing three files. Extract those three files to a temporary folder on your system drive, then copy them over to the root drive of the USB stick (meaning just copy it straight onto the stick — don't put it into a folder). Note that the USB stick doesn't have to be empty, it can have other files on it (the TV will ignore them and pick up what it needs — although you will need enough room for the firmware update files to fit on the USB drive, naturally).

A USB stick plugged into the USB port around the back of a smart TV — (Image credit: Future)

4. Insert that USB drive into a free port on your TV

Turn on the TV and plug the stick into an available USB port, and the television should detect the update, and start the installation process. (Sony suggests not having any other USB devices connected, by the way, and also rebooting your TV first, but the latter isn't really necessary — you can just turn it off, then on again, assuming it isn't off in the first place).

Slight variations with different TVs

The LG C6 OLED TV with a canyon in the sunlight on screen, taken from an angle. The shot shows off the C6's bold brightness — (Image credit: Future)

Depending on your TV, you may have to proceed a bit differently — as noted, you can follow the instructions provided by your manufacturer on the firmware download page (or the downloaded installation guide, if you get one).

For example, with LG TVs, you need to put the update files in a correctly named folder on the USB stick as detailed in the provided PDF guide (and not the root of the USB stick, as with a Sony TV). Samsung TVs require the files to go in the root of the USB stick — not in a folder — like Sony, although with a Samsung model, the update may not kick off automatically when you plug in the USB drive, and you might need to trigger it manually. (Go to Settings > All Settings > Support > Software Update in the Samsung TV's menu, then select 'Update Now').

But broadly, whatever your TV, the idea is the same: download the update files (or file), put them on the USB stick, then plug the stick into a free USB port on your TV, where the update should be automatically detected and installed. The main differences will likely lie in the number of files you may have to download, and whether or not they need to go in a folder on the USB stick. At any rate, be sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

Done and dusted

Person sitting back on a sofa watching TV with hands behind their head, looking satisfied — (Image credit: iStock)

As ever, once a firmware update has begun, don't ever turn off the TV, unplug it (or remove the USB drive), or otherwise interfere with the process, as that runs the risk of seriously messing up your precious television. Sit tight and watch the update run its course, with the TV rebooting itself automatically at some point – and then you're done and dusted.

In many cases, then, there's no need to connect your smart TV to the internet ever, even to get firmware updates. Although don't forget that you'll need to manually keep tabs on when the latest updates emerge, regularly checking the manufacturer's website, as your TV won't flag update availability for you if it isn't online.

There's a final caveat to remember here, namely that some TV manufacturers may not provide updates for download and manual installation with certain models. In that case, you're rather stuck, and indeed Panasonic is notable in this respect, because this TV maker has ditched manual updates entirely for its newer models, with firmware only available via a direct download on the TV. However, even in these scenarios, you can still keep the TV off the internet most of the time, periodically venturing online just to grab the latest firmware (should you want to).

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31.7% of surveyed employees admit to scrolling on their phones during meetings
Distraction habits are taking over the workplace, with potentially devastating consequences for long-term employment prospects
Directors are over 4 times more likely to arrive late for a meeting than an entry-level employee

Scrolling through your phone is now considered preferable to engaging in discussion in meetings, with almost a third (31.7%) of employees admitting to looking at their phone instead of the daily PowerPoint, new research has claimed.

Digital distractions in the workplace are costing employees of all ages opportunities to progress, while Gen Z employees are struggling with time management. The findings of a Careerminds UK survey of 600 UK employees highlight meetings, emails, and notifications delivering distraction from the focused task, with completion or attention to personal tasks while at work by 37.2% of respondents.

Time management challenges are affecting employees across the workplace, with Gen Z particularly singled out as struggling to get organized and engage.

“Career-damaging habits”

The survey found chronic laziness, ignored messages, and phone scrolling in meetings among the bad habits, with 44.2% of respondents admitting to indulging in 3 or more “career-damaging habits” every month.

Meanwhile, the threat of “quiet habits” can potentially have the biggest impact on any chance of progression with your current employer.

If you’re prone to avoidance behavior such as staying silent in meetings (31%), venting about a line manager to a colleague (19.2%), or saying yes to a task you cannot complete (5.7%) then you also need to look at ways to break the habits that are holding you back.

"None of these behaviours is likely to derail a career on its own, but together they influence how reliable, engaged and ready for greater responsibility you appear to the people making decisions about promotions and pay rises," noted Amanda Augustine, a Certified Professional Career Coach (CPCC) and resident careers expert at Careerminds UK.

"The encouraging news is that these aren't fixed personality traits; rather, they're everyday habits that can be identified, addressed and improved upon with consistent effort.”

Gen Z: struggling with time management

Perhaps the most concerning data emerging from the survey, however, involves Gen Z. Careerminds UK found found that over a quarter (26.7%) of employees in the 18-29 age group arrived late to meetings in the previous month, far more than the 3.3% rate in the over 55s group. Additionally, the younger cohort is more likely to “pull a sickie” (26.7% versus 12.2%) for extra time off.

However, there is perhaps an opportunity for directors to set an example and arrive at meetings on time, with 38.0% more likely to arrive late for meetings, as opposed to 9.2% of entry-level employees.

Advice from Careerminds UK includes becoming more organized at work, putting time aside for dealing with messages, being present, engaged, and communicative, and admitting to challenges to deadlines before they become an issue.

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AI has sparked a race to build ever more powerful infrastructure, with headlines dominated by GPUs, networking and energy demand.

But behind the scenes, another part of the technology stack is undergoing an equally significant transformation: storage.

As AI models grow larger and enterprises retain more data for training, inference and retrieval, storage is no longer simply where information resides.

It has become an active part of AI infrastructure, responsible for feeding compute efficiently, supporting vast datasets and helping organizations balance performance with cost.

That shift has fundamentally changed what primary storage looks like in modern cloud environments.

Historically, primary storage meant tightly coupled block or file systems sitting close to compute.

Today's hyperscale cloud providers have taken a different approach, treating object storage as the persistent system of record while software coordinates how data is stored, protected and accessed across distributed infrastructure.

The move to cloud computing

The move to cloud computing didn't simply increase the amount of storage organizations needed. It fundamentally changed how storage had to work.

Traditional enterprise storage was built around tightly coupled systems where applications interacted directly with file systems. That model worked well when infrastructure was relatively contained. At hyperscale, however, coordinating millions or billions of files across distributed environments introduces complexity that limits scalability.

Cloud providers responded by redesigning storage around software-defined architectures that separate how data is managed from where it is physically stored. Rather than treating storage devices as isolated resources, modern cloud platforms orchestrate entire fleets of storage through software, allowing them to scale far beyond the limits of traditional enterprise architectures.

AI has only accelerated this transition. Training large models, serving inference and retaining ever-growing datasets all place sustained demands on shared infrastructure, making software-defined storage more important than ever.

Although every hyperscale platform has evolved differently, the same architectural ideas appear time and again. Four principles in particular have become fundamental to supporting AI at scale.

1. Object storage is designed around sequential data movement

Traditional cloud storage systems frequently modify files in place. At hyperscale, continually updating data across distributed environments becomes increasingly difficult to manage.

Object storage takes a different approach. Rather than overwriting existing data, new versions are typically written as separate objects. That naturally favors large, sequential data flows, allowing storage systems to operate more efficiently as datasets continue to grow.

As AI workloads generate larger datasets, frequent checkpointing and continuous data movement, designing storage around sequential throughput becomes increasingly important.

2. Metadata has become a software challenge

As organizations store billions or even trillions of objects, tracking where everything lives becomes just as important as storing the data itself.

Rather than asking storage devices to manage both data and metadata, cloud platforms increasingly separate these responsibilities. Dedicated software layers handle object locations, namespaces and system coordination while storage media focuses on delivering scalable capacity.

Separating these functions makes infrastructure easier to scale while allowing storage systems to concentrate on what they do best: storing vast amounts of data efficiently.

3. Resilience comes from architecture, not individual devices

Cloud providers assume that, somewhere across thousands of servers and storage devices, failures will happen. Rather than relying on individual hardware to eliminate every fault, modern architectures distribute data intelligently across large storage pools.

Techniques such as erasure coding allow platforms to recover data efficiently while maintaining availability and reducing the overhead associated with traditional replication strategies.

The result is infrastructure that remains resilient even as AI workloads continue to grow in size and complexity.

4. Intelligent data staging protects performance

AI rarely produces smooth, predictable storage workloads. Training jobs, inference requests and application traffic often arrive in bursts, placing sudden pressure on infrastructure.

Rather than writing every request directly to capacity storage, cloud platforms increasingly use flash and memory as staging layers. These absorb incoming traffic before organizing data into larger, more efficient writes.

This allows organizations to maintain responsive applications while making better use of high-capacity storage as AI workloads become increasingly demanding.

Software has become the defining layer

Taken together, these four principles point to a broader industry shift. Storage performance is no longer determined solely by faster hardware. Increasingly, it is software that decides how efficiently infrastructure performs by orchestrating data movement, coordinating metadata and balancing workloads across distributed systems.

That evolution has fundamentally changed the role of primary storage. Rather than serving individual applications or servers, storage increasingly underpins shared object platforms that support analytics, cloud services and AI workloads simultaneously.

In other words, primary storage is no longer defined simply by where data resides. It is defined by how effectively software enables that data to move, scale and remain available across distributed infrastructure.

A new definition of primary storage

The rise of AI has accelerated changes that cloud providers have been making for years. Primary storage is no longer defined by proximity to compute or by storage hardware alone. Increasingly, it is software-managed, globally distributed and designed to balance performance, resilience and economics at enormous scale.

For organizations investing in AI, storage decisions can no longer focus purely on capacity or latency. Understanding how software, data movement and storage media work together has become just as important.

The organizations that succeed won't necessarily be those deploying the most hardware. They'll be those that build storage architectures capable of feeding AI workloads efficiently while keeping infrastructure scalable, resilient and economically sustainable.

In modern cloud environments, primary storage is no longer simply where data lives. It has become one of the technologies that determines how effectively AI can scale.

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Having been put on Konami’s backburner for over a decade, Silent Hill’s resurgence has been nothing short of extraordinary.

A tepid start with Ascension and The Short Message was counterbalanced by the excellent Silent Hill 2 remake from Bloober Team and the homegrown Japanese horrors of Silent Hill f from NeoBards. The series seems like it’s now heading further in the right direction with the next game, Silent Hill: Townfall.

Early this month I played three hours of Silent Hill: Townfall and spoke with both Screen Burn director Jon McKellan and Konami series producer Motoi Okamoto about the game’s approach to retro tech, the Scottish setting, and cultural authenticity.

Going retro

A Silent Hill: Townfall promotional screenshot. — (Image credit: Konami)

Silent Hill: Townfall follows a man named Simon Ordell in the fictional town of St. Amelia, Scotland. As he wakes up, he finds the entire place shrouded in fog. Slowly walking around, I eventually pick up a pocked CRTV television, which is used for both gameplay and narrative reasons. It's Townfall’s primary mechanic and star of the show. Through it, you can see old static video recordings of Simon’s mysterious partner, Zoe Ellis, who is seemingly his connection to this island.

The radio’s screen also typically shows you the next place to go, which means it’s up to you to search around town until you find the correct spot. Additionally, you can hold up the radio to see through walls to check a monster’s position. It’s a wonderful twist on a common trope. In similar games, protagonists sometimes come with a ‘radar’ sense so that players can stay stealthy and avoid enemy detection. Implementing the radar into the radio itself is not only clever, but reinforces that Simon is, after all, just human, in an unrelenting world filled with monsters.

The time period that Townfall takes place in is paramount to its horror themes. A puzzle hints that the current year is 1996, which is where the mass adoption of technologies like the internet and home dial-up started happening. The transition to an increasingly connected world filled people with anxieties. Simon’s CRTV radio is just advanced enough, but is nowhere near the cutting edge technology we see today.

“The world was on a technological cusp around the mid 90s, where the internet was starting to become a thing. But you were too early to have Google Maps in your pocket and you didn't have this magic bullet for all the problems that might come up,” McKellan explained.

He continued, “So with analog tech, you feel like you can't quite rely on it. It’s a little bit uncertain, and I think that's a great place to be for horror.”

Another theme that was prominently was medicine and healthcare. As I strolled through St. Amecia, I saw protest signs littered around the town square with phrases about “taking this town back”.

I picked up collectibles and notes about St. Amecia’s local hospital, vaguely hinting at some sort of institution providing “protection.” As an American citizen in a country with mainly for-profit healthcare, my mind immediately began trying to connect the dots and figure out the story’s direction. Scotland has a public system, but perhaps some private healthcare provider came in and tried to take over? And what about the “protection” aspect? Did Simon, or someone else, snitch?

The medical symbolism doesn’t end there. Zoe herself is a nurse, and Simon also has an IV bag strapped to his arm. With ingredients found scattered throughout town, he can craft items Resident Evil-style. These include items like blood bags for his IV, which let him resurrect with a sliver of health after being killed by an enemy.

Thankfully, Townfall’s combat feels much smoother compared to Silent Hill f’s. In the latter, there always felt like a second of awkward hit stun when your melee weapons made contact with enemies. Here, smashing planks over their heads feels satisfying. The way their bodies all of sudden go limp simultaneously gives me a feeling of surprise relief every time.

Simon also eventually gets a powerful pistol that one-hit kills many monsters, rivalling even Grace Ashcroft’s Requiem from Resident Evil Requiem. The downside is that it makes a ton of noise when fired, so enemies nearby will zero in on your location. With limited ammo, it’s definitely your last resort weapon, and it’s gratifying every time it goes off.

McKellen ensured that social commentary would be at the heart of the story, similar to how Silent Hill f’s overarching message was around gender expectations. “There are a few different threads in this game that start to coalesce as the game progresses, and I think it takes people in kind of unexpected places,” he explained. McKellen is hoping that people (like me) have an idea of what’s happening, then excitedly twist our expectations.

So why does Simon have a cannula in his hand, and why does it bring him back when he dies? They’re not just gameplay gimmicks—they represent something. McKellen adds, “There's a lot behind it, and we pride ourselves as developers that everything in the game has some relevance. Nothing is there just because or to fill a void.”

Crafting different Silent Hills

Over the years, the setting for most of the Silent Hill games were, well, Silent Hill. But recently, Konami has expanded settings for the series to explore other areas. Silent Hill: The Short Message introduced “Silent Hill” as a phenomenon, where similar psychological and experiences occur outside of the titular town in Kettenstadt, Germany. Silent Hill f took the series back to its hometown in the fictional town of Ebisugaoka in 1960s Japan.

“Our current approach in branding is to introduce that concept and show similar types of psychological experiences and narratives that place outside of the boundaries of Silent Hill,” Okamoto said.

Screen Burn, headquartered in Glasgow, Scotland, has a wide age range within its developers. Some grew up with the older games, while others recently discovered it through the newer releases. But the big lesson that the team learned about what’s essential to Silent Hill’s DNA is the understated nature of the stories. They’re not explicit, with plenty of room for interpretation but still feeling satisfied after finishing the game.

“You can walk away from a Silent Hill game feeling like you know something, but whether you know everything or need to discuss that with someone else was one of the big things that came out,” McKellan explained. “People were saying that after every game they would end up talking to someone else about it and having different theories.”

The studio’s last game was the sci-fi horror adventure Observation (which is also one of my favorites that you should check out), and the team grew from the game before that, Stories Untold. Both of them had technology as a major theme to convey gameplay, with Stories Untold having players interacting with computers and Observation switching between different cameras in a space station.

You can see the theme of technology rearing its head again in Townfall through the analog CRTV, as well as the phone booth players call to manually save their progress.

Townfall is also Screen Burn’s biggest game to date. The most notable departure is the freedom that players have in exploring the town. “Townfall feels like a Screen Burn game unleashed. We’re taking our narrative sensibilities, puzzle design, and attention to detail, and blowing that out to something much larger with the support of Konami and Annapurna,” said McKellan.

“So if you've played our previous games, you'll probably see a lot of common ground there.”

The future of Silent Hill

Looking ahead, Bloober Team’s remake of the first Silent Hill is set to come out after Townfall. Okamoto understood the worry players had about the series potentially becoming annualized, perhaps resulting in fatigue or lapse in quality. That's why Konami was open to new takes on the iconic horror franchise. The Short Message focused on social media, Silent Hill f was distinctly Japanese, and now Townfall is in Scotland.

With the rising cost of game development, it’s a wise idea to have other studios take on notable IP rather than just having your internal studios handle them. Not only does this result in more games being released, but outside talent can revitalize interest. I mean, Bloober Team and NeoBards are proof enough.

Okamoto, however, explained that this method was more about portraying cultural authenticity than anything else, and dependent on the kinds of projects Konami is working on.

“For example, the Metal Gear team has their own philosophy and approach for how they develop games,” Okamoto said. “At least from our perspective, with the goal being trying to create a wider, richer, and more culturally varied universe for Silent Hill, we feel that partnering with third-party developers works best.”

Silent Hill: Townfall launches on September 24 for PC and PlayStation 5.

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It is widely accepted that technology investment is a key driver of innovation and productivity, with businesses of all sizes striving to achieve the optimal balance between modernizing their IT infrastructure with day-to-day operational priorities.

This can be a challenge and is exacerbated by the pressure to spend on AI. Organizations need to approach their IT modernization strategy in a measured way, as unfettered AI spend does not automatically equate to effective progress.

Recent industry research from Deloitte highlights the profound impact that the AI boom is having on technology investment decisions. AI is commanding a growing share of IT budgets, with 74% of organizations prioritizing investment into these areas well above other IT fundamentals such as data management, cloud platforms and enterprise resource planning.

Inevitably this raises some questions about how businesses are approaching their technology investments. With limited budgets, there are concerns that organizations are pursuing AI at a cost to operational necessities. It also highlights how IT strategies may not align fully with business objectives.

The global climate of economic uncertainty and geopolitical change has also compounded these issues. Decision making is more complex and budgets are more stretched than ever before, making it tough for any organization to implement an effective IT transformation.

Why modernization is a fine balance

In reality, it is not a viable option for the majority of organizations to modernize their entire IT infrastructure and systems in one go. Quite simply, this would be too costly and too disruptive to business operations. Instead, organizations most often opt for a more pragmatic, gradual approach that modernizes IT in planned phases.

Taking this path enables any organization to extend the life of its existing infrastructure, integrating new technologies and platforms with legacy IT along the way.

However, one of the pitfalls of this is when businesses want to add new AI technologies. They find that they are not ready to support these in terms of operational maturity or data reliability and are ill-prepared to innovate as and when needed.

This poses the question about how organizations should balance spending on phased technology replacement with achieving predictable long-term value to business operations. Front of mind for businesses is that operational efficiency is a necessity for successful and timely innovation that will stand the test of time, less so a focus on constant technology replacement.

Mitigate against pricing unpredictability

For IT leaders, while pricing concerns are in the spotlight, it is overall cost unpredictability that truly impacts innovation efforts.

Licensing models, support options and hardware pricing can change overnight, so those organizations that reduce their exposure to sudden cost hikes and have kept their options open are in a much stronger position to navigate through these scenarios and continue on their IT investment pathway.

It is not uncommon now for organizations to choose shorter term agreements or more versatile deployment paths. This might increase spending in the near term, but reduces valuable longer-term risk. Broadcom’s acquisition of VMware in the virtualization market demonstrates this point.

With major changes to areas including licensing models and pricing, this spurred many IT leaders to reassess their infrastructure strategy for the longer term.

Together, these considerations are impacting decision-making about infrastructure, and the in-depth investment planning that goes hand in hand with this. This might mean more focus on evidence-driven technology purchasing, more rigorous cases to support ROI and long-term cost exposure before senior leaders sign off on any modernization projects.

Innovation is not purely about technical ambition

Under closer scrutiny, it is no surprise that organizations are becoming more wary of setting false hopes with transformation initiatives, or large-scale replacement projects. Historically these were built on optimistic longer-term assumptions and a stable global economic climate, with little requirement to ensure that business cases were based on thorough due diligence.

Not so now. While the world’s businesses continue to innovate, there has clearly been a shift in mindset about how businesses are modernizing and the way that they are reaching longer-term goals.

Decisions are less driven by sheer technical ambition, and are more firmly grounded in risk mitigation, business resilience and financial predictability. All of these help to lay solid foundations for any new implementation more dependably than blue sky thinking.

Overall, the organizations reaping the most reward in the next three to five years will be those that modernize sustainably while managing stability in core operations combined with careful budget management. Incremental IT modernization is a highly practical approach that allows innovation at the same time as minimizing disruption and the risk of cost spirals.

In a temperamental technology market with no certain change on the horizon, the businesses that understand the inextricable link between innovation and financial discipline, and apply this fast to their modernization strategies, will be the ones most set up for future success.

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The summer holidays are here, but for most of us, that doesn’t mean work stops.

Despite booking multiple days off and roping in anyone I can help with childcare, it is inevitable that, at various points over the next six weeks, the kids will be cooped up in my office with me while I try to work.

As someone who likes to plan, I’ve already invested in several items to help keep my little ones happy and occupied whilst I keep serving up insightful content on small business tech.

I’m keen to provide them with retro-style pastimes and give them some options that get them creative and active, without creating too much noise. That said, I am already eyeing up a £300+ gaming console to get myself some quiet time – and it’s only week two (it's all about balance, right?)

Below you'll find the list of products I'm using, or planning to use, to survive the summer holidays. Half are under £20, with the rest requiring a bit more of an investment.

Of course, there is still a chance that by week six, you'll find me in the playpen playing Pokémon whilst my kids run riot.